醫(yī)療器械信息
一、背景
一般情況下,采用環(huán)氧乙烷滅菌的醫(yī)療器械應當對滅菌后相關殘留物進行分析評價,因為殘留量的多少與接觸醫(yī)療器械的相關人員的健康息息相關。環(huán)氧乙烷是一種中樞神經(jīng)抑制劑。若與皮膚接觸迅速發(fā)生紅腫,數(shù)小時后起泡,反復接觸可致敏。液體濺入眼內(nèi),可致角膜灼傷。若長期少量接觸,可見有神經(jīng)衰弱綜合征和植物神經(jīng)功能紊亂。有報道表明,大鼠急性口服LD50為330mg/Kg,環(huán)氧乙烷可使小鼠骨髓染色體的畸變率提高[1]。有報道,與環(huán)氧乙烷接觸的工作人員致癌率和死亡率較高。[2]2-氯乙醇若與皮膚接觸,可出現(xiàn)皮膚紅斑;可經(jīng)皮吸收引起中毒??诜芍滤馈H袈蚤L期接觸有可對中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)、心血管系統(tǒng)、肺造成損傷。國內(nèi)外對于乙二醇的研究結果一致認為其本身毒性較低。其在體內(nèi)代謝過程與乙醇相同,經(jīng)過乙醇脫氫酶及乙醛脫氫酶的代謝,主要產(chǎn)物為乙醛酸、草酸和乳酸,毒性較高。因此,多項標準中均對經(jīng)環(huán)氧乙烷滅菌后相關殘留物有具體要求。如:GB/T 16886.7-2015《醫(yī)療器械生物學評價第7部分:環(huán)氧乙烷滅菌殘留量》、YY0290.8-2008《眼科光學 人工晶狀體 第8部分:基本要求》等標準中對環(huán)氧乙烷、2-氯乙醇的殘留量的限值有詳細規(guī)定。GB/T 16886.7-2015中明確表示,當使用環(huán)氧乙烷滅菌的醫(yī)療器械中存在2-氯乙醇時,其可允許殘留量也有明確限值。因此,要從環(huán)氧乙烷的生產(chǎn)、運輸、存儲環(huán)節(jié),醫(yī)療器械的生產(chǎn)環(huán)節(jié)、滅菌環(huán)節(jié)來綜合分析常見殘留物(環(huán)氧乙烷、2-氯乙醇、乙二醇)的產(chǎn)生。
二、滅菌殘留物的分析
環(huán)氧乙烷的生產(chǎn)工藝分為氯醇法和氧化法。其中氯醇法為早期環(huán)氧乙烷生產(chǎn)方法。主要包含兩個反應過程:一:C2H4+HClO——CH2Cl-CH2OH;二:CH2Cl-CH2OH+CaOH2——C2H4O+CaCl2+H2O。其反應過程中間產(chǎn)物為2-氯乙醇(CH2Cl-CH2OH)。因氯醇法技術落后,嚴重污染環(huán)境,加之產(chǎn)物對設備腐蝕嚴重,大部分廠家已經(jīng)淘汰[4]。氧化法[3]分為空氣法和氧氣法。根據(jù)氧氣純度的不同,生產(chǎn)中的主要包含兩個反應過程:一:2C2H4+O2——2C2H4O;二:C2H4+3O2——2CO2+H2O。目前,環(huán)氧乙烷的工業(yè)生產(chǎn)主要采用以銀為催化劑的乙烯直接氧化法工藝。因此,環(huán)氧乙烷的生產(chǎn)工藝是決定滅菌后對2-氯乙醇進行評價的一個因素。
參照GB/T 16886.7-2015標準中的相關規(guī)定執(zhí)行環(huán)氧乙烷滅菌過程的確認和開發(fā),根據(jù)環(huán)氧乙烷的物理化學特性,滅菌后大部分殘留物以原形存在。影響殘留量的因素主要包括醫(yī)療器械對環(huán)氧乙烷的吸附、包裝材料及厚度、滅菌前后的溫濕度、滅菌作用時間及解析時間、儲存條件等,以上因素決定了環(huán)氧乙烷的逃逸能力。有文獻[5]報道,環(huán)氧乙烷滅菌濃度通常選擇300-1000mg.L-1。滅菌時環(huán)氧乙烷的損耗因素主要包括:醫(yī)療器械的吸附、在一定濕度條件的水解等。濃度在500-600mg.L-1是相對經(jīng)濟有效的,降低環(huán)氧乙烷的消耗與滅菌物品上的殘留,節(jié)約了滅菌成本。
氯在化學工業(yè)中有著廣泛的應用,許多產(chǎn)品與我們息息相關。既可作為中間體,如氯乙烯;也可作為終產(chǎn)品,如漂白劑。同時氯也存在于空氣、水等環(huán)境中,對人體的危害也是顯而易見的。因此,在相關醫(yī)療器械經(jīng)環(huán)氧乙烷滅菌時,應當考慮綜合分析產(chǎn)品的生產(chǎn)、滅菌、存儲等環(huán)節(jié),有針對性地采取相應的措施控制2-氯乙醇的殘留量。
有文獻報道[6],創(chuàng)口貼經(jīng)過環(huán)氧乙烷滅菌,解析72小時后,2-氯乙醇的含量達到近150μg/片,參照GB/T16886.7-2015的標準中規(guī)定的短期接觸器械,2-氯乙醇對患者的平均日劑量不應超過9mg,其殘留量遠低于標準中的限值。
有研究[7]對3種縫合針線中環(huán)氧乙烷及2-氯乙醇的殘留量進行測定,材質為尼龍線的帶線縫合針,環(huán)氧乙烷的結果為未檢出,2-氯乙醇結果為53.7μg.g-1。YY 0167-2005中規(guī)定了非吸收性外科縫線環(huán)氧乙烷檢出限值,對2-氯乙醇未做規(guī)定。縫合線在生產(chǎn)過程中有大量工業(yè)用水的可能。我國地面水的四類水質是適用于一般工業(yè)保護區(qū)及人體非直接接觸的用水區(qū),普遍經(jīng)過漂白粉處理,可控制水中的藻類及微生物,用于殺菌衛(wèi)生防疫。其主要有效成分為次氯酸鈣,是由氯氣通入石灰石生成。次氯酸鈣在空氣中易降解,主要反應式為:Ca(ClO)2+CO2+H2O——CaCO3+2HClO。次氯酸在光照下易分解為鹽酸和水,主要反應式為:2HClO+光照——2HCl+O2。氯負離子易吸附在縫合線中,在一定的弱酸性或弱堿性環(huán)境下,環(huán)氧乙烷開環(huán)與其生成2-氯乙醇。
有文獻[8]報道,用丙酮超聲提取人工晶狀體樣品殘留的2-氯乙醇,利用氣相色譜-質譜法測定,但并未檢出。YY0290.8-2008《眼科光學 人工晶狀體 第8部分:基本要求》中,規(guī)定人工晶狀體上2-氯乙醇殘留量每只每天不應超過2.0μg,每個晶狀體總量不應超過5.0μg。GB/T16886.7-2015標準中提到2-氯乙醇殘留引起的眼毒性是同等水平環(huán)氧乙烷的4倍。
綜上所述,在評價醫(yī)療器械經(jīng)環(huán)氧乙烷滅菌后的殘留物時,對環(huán)氧乙烷、2-氯乙醇應重點關注,但也應根據(jù)實際綜合分析其殘留情況。
在醫(yī)療器械滅菌過程中,部分一次性使用醫(yī)療器械或包裝材料的原材料包括聚氯乙烯(PVC),PVC樹脂在加工中因樹脂分解也會產(chǎn)生極少量的氯乙烯單體。GB10010-2009 醫(yī)用軟聚氯乙烯管材中規(guī)定了氯乙烯單體含量不能超過1μg.g-1。氯乙烯在催化劑(過氧化物等)或光、熱作用下容易發(fā)生聚合,生成聚氯乙烯,統(tǒng)稱為氯乙烯樹脂。聚氯乙烯受熱超過100°C或經(jīng)過紫外線輻射照射會存在氯化氫氣體逃逸的可能性。那么包裝內(nèi)氯化氫氣體與環(huán)氧乙烷結合會生成一定量的2-氯乙醇。
乙二醇,性質穩(wěn)定,不易揮發(fā)。環(huán)氧乙烷中的氧原子帶兩個孤對電子,具有較強的親水性,在與氯負離子共存的情況下,更容易生成乙二醇。例如:C2H4O+NaCl+H2O——CH2Cl-CH2OH+NaOH。此過程反應端為弱堿性,生成端為強堿性,這種反應發(fā)生率較低。發(fā)生率更高的是環(huán)氧乙烷遇水生成乙二醇:C2H4O+H2O——CH2OH-CH2OH,且環(huán)氧乙烷水合作用會抑制其與游離氯負離子的結合。
醫(yī)療器械生產(chǎn)、滅菌、存儲、運輸、使用等環(huán)節(jié)中,若引入氯負離子,存在環(huán)氧乙烷與其發(fā)生反應生成2-氯乙醇的可能性。由于生產(chǎn)環(huán)節(jié)中氯醇法已經(jīng)被淘汰,那么其中間產(chǎn)物2-氯乙醇不會在直接氧化法中出現(xiàn)。醫(yī)療器械的生產(chǎn)環(huán)節(jié),某些原材料對環(huán)氧乙烷、2-氯乙醇具有極強的吸附特性,那么滅菌后進行解析時必須考慮其殘留量的控制。此外,醫(yī)療器械生產(chǎn)過程中,原料、添加劑、反應抑制劑等含有以氯化物形式存在的無機鹽,在滅菌時,須考慮環(huán)氧乙烷在酸性或堿性條件下開環(huán),發(fā)生SN2反應,與游離的氯負離子結合生成2-氯乙醇的可能性。
目前,常用檢測環(huán)氧乙烷、2-氯乙醇、乙二醇的方法為氣相法。環(huán)氧乙烷還可以用品紅亞硫酸試液對比色法進行檢測,但其缺點是檢測結果的真實性受實驗條件影響的因素較多,如實驗環(huán)境溫度37°C的恒定從而控制乙二醇的反應,顯色處理后的待測液放置時間等。因此,在有資質的實驗室,經(jīng)過確認的方法學驗證(包括準確度、精密度、線性、靈敏性等)對于殘留量的定量檢測有參考意義。
三、對審評工作的思考
環(huán)氧乙烷、2-氯乙醇、乙二醇是醫(yī)療器械進行環(huán)氧乙烷滅菌后常見的殘留物。開展殘留物評價,應考慮環(huán)氧乙烷的生產(chǎn)、存儲、醫(yī)療器械的生產(chǎn)、滅菌等環(huán)節(jié)相關物質的引入。
實際醫(yī)療器械審評工作中還應關注兩個問題:1、是否需要進行2-氯乙醇的殘留量的檢測。在環(huán)氧乙烷生產(chǎn)環(huán)節(jié),若采用傳統(tǒng)氯醇法,盡管在生產(chǎn)過程中會采取提純、過濾等方法,環(huán)氧乙烷氣體在一定程度上還是會含有中間產(chǎn)物2-氯乙醇,應對其殘留量進行評價。若采用氧化法,沒有2-氯乙醇的引入,但應考慮環(huán)氧乙烷反應過程中相關抑制劑、催化劑等的殘留量。醫(yī)療器械在生產(chǎn)過程中大量使用工業(yè)用水,成品中也會吸附一定量的次氯酸、氯負離子,這些是殘留物中可能存在2-氯乙醇的原因。還存在醫(yī)療器械的原材料及包裝中是含有氯元素的無機鹽或結構穩(wěn)定、不易斷鍵的高分子材料等情況,因此要綜合分析2-氯乙醇殘留量的風險是否一定需要檢測來進行評價,若有充分的證據(jù)表明不會引入2-氯乙醇或低于檢測方法的檢測限,可以不考慮用檢測來控制其風險。2、對于乙二醇的殘留量的分析評估。與環(huán)氧乙烷、2-氯乙醇相比,乙二醇殘留物接觸毒性較低,但由于環(huán)氧乙烷生產(chǎn)、使用過程中還會接觸二氧化碳和水,而環(huán)氧乙烷與水又容易生產(chǎn)乙二醇,滅菌后乙二醇的含量與環(huán)氧乙烷的純度相關,也與包裝、微生物中的水分及滅菌的溫濕度環(huán)境相關,因此應根據(jù)實際情況考慮對乙二醇進行評價。
標準是醫(yī)療器械技術審評的工具之一,醫(yī)療器械技術審評工作要關注產(chǎn)品的設計研發(fā)、生產(chǎn)、存儲、使用等各環(huán)節(jié)安全有效的基本要求,綜合分析影響安全有效的因素,要做到理論聯(lián)系實際,基于科學、基于事實,而不是直接引用標準,脫離產(chǎn)品設計、研發(fā)、生產(chǎn)、使用的實際情況。審評工作應當更加關注醫(yī)療器械生產(chǎn)質量體系對于相關環(huán)節(jié)的控制,同時現(xiàn)場審評也應當以“問題”為導向,充分發(fā)揮“眼睛”的作用從而達到提高審評質量,科學審評的目的。
參考文獻:
[1] 張 霞. 環(huán)氧乙烷在滅菌物品中殘留量測定及毒性研究進展.中國消毒學雜志 2005年第22卷第2期
[2] 沈菊華.國內(nèi)外環(huán)氧乙烷生產(chǎn)技術及市場分析.化工技術經(jīng)濟,2005年11月第23卷第11期
[3] 崔小明.環(huán)氧乙烷生產(chǎn)技術進展及市場分析.精細與專用化學品.2014年5月第22卷第5期
[4] 陳向華. 環(huán)氧乙烷的生產(chǎn)方法及應用.化工科技市場,2008,31(10):33-36
[5] 李傳秋.環(huán)氧乙烷滅菌效果及殘留量的實驗研究[J].食品與藥品, 2014, 16(1):41-43
[6] 譚周飛.創(chuàng)口貼滅菌后經(jīng)不同解析時間環(huán)氧乙烷和2—氯乙醇的清除效果分析. 中國藥事2013年第 27卷第9期
[7] 尹慶和. 氣相色譜法測定縫合針線中2一氯乙醇殘留量. 中國藥事2013年第 27卷第12期
[8] 吳振興等.氣相色譜-質譜法測定人工晶狀體中2-氯乙醇 PTCA(PART B:CHEM.ANAL.).2015年第51卷
審評二部 賀偉罡 劉柏東 供稿
來源:國家藥監(jiān)局醫(yī)療器械技術審評中心
1、 Background
In general, the related residues after sterilization should be analyzed and evaluated for the medical devices sterilized with ethylene oxide, because the amount of residual is closely related to the health of the relevant personnel contacting with the medical devices. Ethylene oxide is a central nervous system inhibitor. If it contacts with skin, it will be inflamed rapidly and blister after several hours. Repeated contact can sensitize. The liquid splashes into the eye, may cause cornea burn. If a small amount of long-term contact, we can see neurasthenia syndrome and autonomic nerve dysfunction. It has been reported that acute oral LD50 of rats is 330 mg / kg, and ethylene oxide can increase the chromosome aberration rate of bone marrow in mice [1]. It has been reported that the workers exposed to ethylene oxide have higher carcinogenic rate and mortality. [2] If 2-chloroethanol is in contact with the skin, erythema may appear; it can be absorbed through skin and cause poisoning. Oral administration can cause death. If chronic long-term contact has, can cause damage to central nervous system, cardiovascular system, lung. The research results of ethylene glycol at home and abroad agree that its toxicity is low. The main products are glyoxylic acid, oxalic acid and lactic acid, with high toxicity. Therefore, a number of standards have specific requirements for the residues after ethylene oxide sterilization. For example, GB / T 16886.7-2015 biological evaluation of medical devices Part 7: ethylene oxide sterilization residue, yy0290.8-2008 ophthalmic optical intraocular lens part 8: basic requirements have detailed provisions on the limits of ethylene oxide and 2-chloroethanol residues. It is clearly stated in GB / T 16886.7-2015 that when 2-chloroethanol is present in medical devices sterilized with ethylene oxide, the maximum allowable residue also has a clear limit. Therefore, the production of common residues (ethylene oxide, 2-chloroethanol, ethylene glycol) should be comprehensively analyzed from the production, transportation and storage of ethylene oxide, the production and sterilization of medical devices.
2、 Analysis of sterilization residues
The production process of ethylene oxide is divided into chlorohydrin method and oxidation method. Among them, chlorohydrin method is the early production method of ethylene oxide. There are two main reaction processes: the first step is C2H4 + hclo-ch2cl-ch2oh; the second step is ch2cl-ch2oh + caoh2-c2h4o + CaCl2 + H2O. The intermediate product was 2-chloroethanol (ch2cl-ch2oh). Due to the backward technology of chlorohydrin method, serious environmental pollution and serious corrosion of products to equipment, most manufacturers have been eliminated [4]. Oxidation method can be divided into air method and oxygen method. According to the different oxygen purity, the production mainly includes two reaction processes: the first step: 2c2h4 + o2-2c2h4o; the second step: C2H4 + 3o2-2co2 + H2O. At present, ethylene oxide is mainly produced by direct oxidation of ethylene with silver as catalyst. Therefore, the production process of ethylene oxide is a factor determining the evaluation of 2-chloroethanol after sterilization.
According to the relevant provisions of GB / T 16886.7-2015, the confirmation and development of ethylene oxide sterilization process is carried out. According to the physical and chemical characteristics of ethylene oxide, most of the residues after sterilization exist in original form. The factors affecting the residual amount mainly include the adsorption of ethylene oxide by medical devices, packaging materials and thickness, temperature and humidity before and after sterilization, sterilization action time and analysis time, storage conditions and so on. These factors determine the escape ability of ethylene oxide. According to the literature [5], the sterilization concentration of ethylene oxide is usually 300-1000mg · L-1. The loss factors of ethylene oxide during sterilization mainly include: adsorption of medical devices, hydrolysis under certain humidity conditions, etc. The concentration of 500-600 mg · L-1 is relatively economic and effective, which can reduce the consumption of ethylene oxide and the residue of sterilization articles, and save the cost of sterilization.
Chlorine is widely used in chemical industry and many products are closely related to us. It can be used as an intermediate, such as vinyl chloride, or as an end product, such as bleaching agent. At the same time, chlorine also exists in the air, water and other environment, the harm to human body is obvious. Therefore, when the relevant medical devices are sterilized by ethylene oxide, comprehensive analysis of the production, sterilization and storage of the products should be considered, and corresponding measures should be taken to control the residual amount of 2-chloroethanol.
It has been reported in the literature [6] that the content of 2-chloroethanol reached nearly 150 μ g / tablet after 72 hours of ethylene oxide sterilization. Referring to the short-term contact device specified in GB / t16886.7-2015, the average daily dose of 2-chloroethanol to patients should not exceed 9mg, and its residual amount is far below the limit value in the standard.
Some studies [7] have determined the residual amount of ethylene oxide and 2-chloroethanol in three kinds of suture needle and suture. For suture needle with nylon thread, the result of ethylene oxide is not detected, and the result of 2-chloroethanol is 53.7 μ g.g-1. In YY 0167-2005, the detection limit of ethylene oxide for non absorbable surgical suture was specified, but 2-chloroethanol was not specified. It is possible to use a large amount of industrial water in the production process of suture. The four kinds of surface water quality in China are suitable for general industrial protection areas and water use areas not directly contacted by human body. After being treated with bleaching powder, the algae and microorganisms in the water can be controlled and used for sterilization, sanitation and epidemic prevention. Its main effective component is calcium hypochlorite, which is generated by chlorine gas flowing into limestone. Calcium hypochlorite is easy to degrade in air. The main reaction formula is Ca (CLO) 2 + CO2 + H2O - CaCO3 + 2hclo. Hypochlorous acid is easily decomposed into hydrochloric acid and water under light. The main reaction formula is: 2hclo + illumination - 2HCl + O2. In a certain weak acid or weak alkali environment, epoxy B is easy to adsorb in the suture